Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2: Reading Comprehension

Question: 

Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before the species became extinct I million  Line years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able tomake more sophisticated tools.

1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following may have made and used tools EXCEPT.
(A)  Australopithecus robustus
(B)  Homo erectus
(C)  Homo habilis
(D)  Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors

Pembahasan: Paragraf di atas menjelaskan bahwa alat-alat primitif itu mulai digunakan oleh Australophitecus robustus bersama-sama dengan Homo Habilis dan penerusnya, Homo erectus. Berarti yang bukan adalah nenek moyang Australophitecus robustus.

2. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A)  numerous
(B)  exposed
(C)  ancient
(D)  valuable

Pembahasan:  Extensive memiliki arti luas atau dalam jumlah besar sehingga kata yang paling dekat artinya dengan kata tersebut adalah numerous.

3. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
(A)  Tools
(B)  Teeth
(C)  Plant fossils
(D)  Hand bones

Pembahasan: Jawaban tersebut bisa dilihat pada paragraf 2 kalimat The key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found yang menyatakan bahwa penemuan yang paling penting adalah hand bones.

4. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly discuss?
(A)  Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
(B)  Purposes for which hominids used tools
(C)  Methods used to determine the age of fossils
(D)  Significant plant fossils found in layers of sediment

Pembahasan: Jawaban sangat jelas ditemukan pada kalimat pertama paragraf tersebut yaitu membahas tentang ciri (feature) dari Australopithecus robustus.

5. It can be inferred from the description in the last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was so named because of the species’
(A)  ancestors
(B)  thumb
(C)  build
(D)  diet

Pembahasan: Paragraf 4 kalimat pertama, Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built-more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors menjelaskan bahwa kata robustus berasal dari robust, istilah antropologi yang merujuk pada perawakan atau bentuk fisik (build) dengan ciri-ciri yang dijelaskan pada kalimat selanjutnya.

6. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A)  exploit
(B)  displace
(C)  understand
(D)  imitate

Pembahasan: Kata supplant memiliki arti “menggantikan” sehingga kata yang paling dekat artinya dengan kata tersebut pada pilihan yang tersedia adalah displace (menggantikan).

7. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
(A)  tools
(B)  Homo habilis
(C)  Australopithecus robustus
(D)  experts

Pembahasan: Them pada kalimat tersebut merujuk pada subjek yang disebutkan sebelumnya yaitu Homo habilis.

8. What does the author suggest is unclear about Australopithecus robustus?
(A)  Whether they used tools
(B)  What they most likely ate
(C)  Whether they are closely related to humans
(D)  Why they became extinct

Pembahasan: Jawaban tersebut bisa ditemukan pada paragraf terakhir kalimat The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction yang menyarankan kepada para peneliti untuk mencari sebab-sebab lain kepunahan jenis manusia primitif tersebut.

9. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A)  impact on
(B)  dependence on
(C)  tolerance of
(D)  discovery of

Pembahasan: Reliance on memiliki arti kebergantungan yang bersesuaian dengan kata dependence on (ketergantungan).

10. Where in the passage does the author mention the materials from which tools were made?
(A)  Lines 7-9
(B)  Lines 12-13
(C)  Lines 15-17
(D)  Lines 21-23

Pembahasan: Penulis menyebutkan beberapa alat serta asal bahannya pada baris 15-17: “…an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.” Yaitu bentuk tulang yang memungkinkan mereka mencengkeram alat dan alat dari batu untuk peralatan menggali.

Source: http://www.geniustoefl.com/artikel-ilmu-kunci-toefl/artikel/reading-comprehension/contoh-soal-pembahasan-reading-comprehension-tes-toefl

Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2: Structure & Written Expressions

General Strategies:

1. First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete the sentence correctly.
2. Study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Eliminate answer that do not complete the sentence correctly.
3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answer by looking only at the answers. The incorrect answer are generally correct by themselves. The incorrect answers are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
4. Never leave any question blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are unsure of the correct response.
5. Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions. Be sure to leave adequate time for the Written Expressions questions.

Example Structure Questions:

1. Long hours and unsociable shifts _____ take their toll on health, relationships and family life.

A. can

B. must

C. are able to

D. shouldn't

2. Nearly all the brown bears in the United States _____ in Alaska, which has an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 brown bears, also called grizzlies.

A. are resident

B. live

C. reside

D. inhabit

3. _____ are poor observers of their child's behavior so deviant behavior reaches unmanageable proportions.

A. Parents

B. Parents that

C. When Parents

D. If Parents

4. International trade in the world's 20-odd varieties of sturgeon _____ by the United Nations since 1998, after a drastic rise in poaching.

A. is controlled

B. is supported

C. has been promoted

D. has been regulated

5. Cincinnati's state-of-the-art Underground Railroad Museum makes details of escapes and _____ imaginable aspect of slavery in America accessible to the broad public.

A. all

B. each other

C. whatever

D. every other

6. Across the country, recreational and commercial fishers have been pointing fingers for decades over which group is responsible for _____ stocks of sports fish.

A. increasing

B. growing

C. reduce

D. dwindling

7. Temperature can affect the sound of an musical instrument in a variety of ways, _____ different for each instrument.

A. although often

B. which are

C. with

D. while

8. Most foreign visitors traveling to the U.S. on a visa _____ have their two index fingers scanned and a digital photograph taken to verify their identity at the port of entry.

A. need

B. are acquired to

C. are expected to

D. must to

9. The island of Mauritius _____ from an agricultural to a semi-industrialized country over the past three decades.

A. is evolving

B. has evolved

C. has been evolved

D. evolved

10. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new metallic substances.

A. Meet

B. Being met are

C. To meet

D. They are meeting

11. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia in 1940.

A. Was written

B. His writing was

C. He wrote the

D. Written by

12. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.

A. a soprano was popular

B. in a popular soprano

C. was a popular soprano

D. a popular soprano in

13. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor phenomena have an essential role in psychology.

A. who she believed

B. who believed

C. believed

D. who did she believe

14. Vegetables are an excellent source ________ vitamins.

A. of

B. has

C. where

D. that

15. Microscopes make small things appear larger than ________.

A. really are

B. are really

C. are they really

D. they really are

Example Written Expression Questions:

1. On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil forest consist of a nearly hundred 
                                                                                                   A                  B   
large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
                               C                         D

2. The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the more like the Earth’s than are 
                                    A                                                       B                                        C         
those of any other planet in the solar system.
                          D

3. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun visible remains in the sky 
                                     A                                                                       B                      C      
for twenty-four hours or longer.
                                             D

4. The Humber River and its valley form a major salmon-fishing, lumbering, hunting, 
                                              A                 B          C           
and farmer region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
             D

5. For decades the food industry has been known serving up sugary or fat-laden

               A                                                      B

 products, promoted with ceaseless advertising.

                           C                       D

6. The economy is heavy dependent on industry, and economic growth has always been of 

                                     A                                B                                                                C

greater concern than environmental preservation.

                                 D

7. Greece's achievement in the 2004 Olympics raise anew the question

                                    A                                                     B

of whether Athens should be the permanent home of the Games.

           C                           D

8. The Eiffel Tower was built the International Exhibition of Paris of 

                                         A                                                         B

1889 commemorating the centenary of the French Revolution.

                       C                                               D

9. Charters are self-governed schools that operate independent of local school

                       A                                             B                                          C

boards, however with public money.

                     D

10. Education should emphasize our interdependence with peoples, with other species and

                               A                            B                                    C

with the planet as a whole.

                                   D

11. Public opinion polls have consistently demonstrated the public’s

                             A                              B 

willingness for 'tradeoff' economic growth for environmental protection.

                       C                                                                   D

12. Aspen, where the limousines have four-wheel drive and an empty plot can cost ten

                         A                                                      B

million dollars, has been declared the more expensive town in America.

                                  C                                            D

13. Full-time jobs for men are declining, while more women are finding part- and full-time

                                                                            A 

work. The result is declining social status for men so they lose their role as the sole financial

                              B                                                          C                                     D

provider.

14. The camp on the inhospitable, mosquito-infested banks of the River Sekonyer, was 

                                                                              A                                                       

set up to track the primates and learn from their habitat, diet and behaviour.

     B                                                          C                                            D

15. This is a film that proves not only that Duval can direct but, as if we didn't know it, that he

                                                         A                                                        B                                     C 

is one of America strongest screen presences.

                       D

Reference:

https://www.slideshare.net/trusmana2/presentasi-toefl-47938595

https://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/toefl_structure_1.htm

http://www.geniustoefl.com/artikel-ilmu-kunci-toefl/artikel/structure-and-written-expression/contoh-soal-toefl-structure-and-written-expression

https://www.etsglobal.org/Tests-Preparation/The-TOEFL-Family-of-Assessments/TOEFL-Sample-Tests/TOEFL-ITP-Sample-Test-Questions/Pre-TOEFL-R-Test-Section-2-Structure-and-Written-Expression

Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2: Tips Listening For TOEFL

Here are five tips to help you be ready for the Listening section:

1. Take notes while you listen. Only the major points will be tested, so do not try to write down every detail. After testing, notes are collected and shredded before you leave the test center.
2. Pay attention to the speaker’s tone of voice. For instance, whether the speaker sounds excited, sad or confused can help you answer questions that are about the speaker’s attitude or opinion.
3. When listening to a lecture, make note of the way the lecture is organized and the way the ideas in the lecture are connected. Referring back to your notes will help you answer questions about overall organization.
4. If you are unsure of the correct response, try to figure out which choice is most consistent with the main idea of the conversation or lecture.
5. Listening questions must be answered in order. Once you click on OK, you cannot go back to a previous question.

Don’t forget to continue to build your English skills by listening to movies, TV and the radio in English. Doing this regularly will have a great impact.

Reference: https://www.toeflgoanywhere.org/5-tips-tackling-listening-section

Softskill Audit Teknologi Sistem Informasi: Pertemuan 4

A. PENGARUH TI DAN AUDIT BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

Audit berbantuan komputer berpengaruh dalam kinerja auditor itu sendiri. Salah satu pengaruh utamanya kepada auditor adalah dalam mengerjakan  dan  memberikan  opininya  atas  laporan yang telah di audit. Pengalaman auditor yang diperoleh melalui pelatihan audit ini  akan  meningkatkan  ketelitian  serta  mendapatkan pengetahuan baru dalam  pemeriksaan  audit.  Ketelitian  yang  tinggi  menghasilkan laporan  audit  yang  berkualitas sesuai  dengan  permintaan  klien dan  menunjukkan kinerja auditor yang baik. Sehingga memperkecil kemungkinan salahnya laporan audit.

  

B. PROSES AUDIT BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

1) Tahap Perencanaan Audit

         Setiap audit menghendaki cakupan audit disesuaikan dengan tujuan audit. Pentingnya cakupan audit adalah untuk memahami organisasi dan departemen pemrosesan data yang akan diaudit.

2) Survei Pendahuluan

         Survei pendahuluan ini membantu auditor untuk mengidentifikasikan problem area dan operasi ini penting untuk kesuksesan pengauditan departemen pemrosesan data. 

3) Tahap audit Terinci

Tahap audit terinci meliputi:

a)      Fungsi pengorganisasian pemrosesan informasi.

b)      Praktek dan kebijakan sumber daya manusia.

c)      Pengoperasian komputer.

d)      Pertimbangan pengembangan dan implementasi sistem.

e)      Penerapan sistem pengoperasian. Kelima faktor ini penting dan perlu dipertimbangkan.

4) Pelaporan

Laporan audit didistribusikan kepada manajemen dan dewan audit. Isi laporan ini bervariasi sesuai dengan tujuan manajemen.

 

APLIKASI AUDIT BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

a) IDEA (Interactive Data Analysis Software)

          Software audit yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat rekonsiliasi, investigasi kecurangan, internal/operational audit, pemindahan file, mempersiapkan laporan manajemen dan analisis-analisis lainnya, termasuk menelusuri security log.

b) APG (Audit Program Generator)

 

Meninjau daftar pengungkapan dan tingkat kepatuhan terhadap perpajakan. Hal ini dapat membantu auditor memastikan bahwa laporan keuangan memenuhi semua unsur pengungkapan dan bahwa perusahaan klien telah mematuhi peraturan perpajakan yang berlaku.

c) Microsoft Excel

 

Microsoft Excel sebenarnya hampir sama dengan software GAS yang lain, yaitu setelah file data diimpor atau disalin, maka selanjutnya dapat dilakukan pengolahan/manipulasi data sesuai keperluan audit yang dilakukan, tentunya dengan menginputkan formula-formula yang diperlukan. 

Sumber referensi : http://maulanapramudya.blogspot.co.id/